Pain Relief Trio: A Comparative Analysis of Paracetamol, Aspirin, and Ibuprofen

Abstract

Paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen are among the most commonly used analgesics. These three drugs not only have a function as pain relievers, but also have functions as anti-pyretics and anti-inflammatories. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review and compare the three drugs in terms of pharmacology, chemistry, and industry using a narrative literature review (NLR) approach. Paracetamol has effectiveness in relieving mild to moderate pain, while aspirin has advantages as an anti-inflammatory suitable for conditions such as arthritis and also as an antiplatelet in cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, ibuprofen shows strong effects in reducing inflammation for various types of pain and reducing fever. In the perspective of their production on an industrial scale, these three drugs have been produced in large quantities through more environmentally friendly industrial processes. Aspirin production uses ionic liquids instead of acid solvents; paracetamol production uses direct amidation of hydroquinone; and ibuprofen production is done through Aryl-1,2-translocation rearrangement with isobutyl benzene as raw material. This review emphasizes the importance of a sustainable industry approach, informed decision-making by healthcare professionals, and careful monitoring to optimize pain relief outcomes and reduce potential risks.